Mailbox command implementation via macros

Implement Framebuffer

.github/workflows/rust.yml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Run format check
         run: cargo fmt --check
       - name: Run lint
-        run: cargo clippy
+        run: cargo clippy -- -D warnings
 
   build:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest

Cargo.lock

@@ -2,6 +2,15 @@
 # It is not intended for manual editing.
 version = 4
 
+[[package]]
+name = "libm"
+version = "0.2.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f9fbbcab51052fe104eb5e5d351cf728d30a5be1fe14d9be8a3b097481fb97de"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "nova"
 version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "libm",
+]

Cargo.toml

@@ -11,3 +11,6 @@ opt-level = 0
 
 [profile.release]
 panic = "abort"
+
+[dependencies]
+libm = "0.2.15"

README.md

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ NovaOS is a expository project where I build a kernel from scratch for a Raspber
 - UART ✓
 - GPIOs ✓
 - GPIO Interrupts ✓
-- Frame Buffer
+- Communicate with peripherals via mailboxes ✓
+- Frame Buffer ✓
 - MMU
 - Basic Terminal over UART

src/framebuffer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+use core::ptr::write_volatile;
+
+mod bitmaps;
+
+use bitmaps::BASIC_LEGACY;
+
+use crate::mailbox::{read_mailbox, write_mailbox};
+#[repr(align(16))]
+struct Mailbox([u32; 36]);
+
+const ALLOCATE_BUFFER: u32 = 0x0004_0001;
+const GET_PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_WH: u32 = 0x0004_0003;
+const SET_PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_WH: u32 = 0x0004_8003;
+const SET_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_WH: u32 = 0x0004_8004;
+const SET_PIXEL_DEPTH: u32 = 0x0004_8005;
+const SET_PIXEL_ORDER: u32 = 0x0004_8006;
+const GET_PITCH: u32 = 0x000_40008;
+const SET_FB_OFFSET: u32 = 0x0004_8009;
+
+pub struct FrameBuffer {
+    pixel_depth: u32, // Bits per pixel
+    pitch: u32,       // Pixel per row
+    rows: u32,        // Rows
+    start_addr: *mut u32,
+    size: u32, //Bytes
+}
+
+pub const RED: u32 = 0x00FF0000;
+pub const GREEN: u32 = 0x0000FF00;
+pub const BLUE: u32 = 0x000000FF;
+pub const ORANGE: u32 = 0x00FFA500;
+pub const YELLOW: u32 = 0x00FFFF00;
+
+impl FrameBuffer {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let mut mailbox = Mailbox([0; 36]);
+        mailbox.0[0] = 35 * 4;
+        mailbox.0[1] = 0;
+
+        mailbox.0[2] = SET_PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_WH;
+        mailbox.0[3] = 8;
+        mailbox.0[4] = 8;
+        mailbox.0[5] = 1920;
+        mailbox.0[6] = 1080;
+
+        mailbox.0[7] = SET_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_WH;
+        mailbox.0[8] = 8;
+        mailbox.0[9] = 8;
+        mailbox.0[10] = 1920;
+        mailbox.0[11] = 1080;
+
+        mailbox.0[12] = SET_PIXEL_DEPTH;
+        mailbox.0[13] = 4;
+        mailbox.0[14] = 4;
+        mailbox.0[15] = 32; // 32 bit per pixel
+
+        mailbox.0[16] = SET_PIXEL_ORDER;
+        mailbox.0[17] = 4;
+        mailbox.0[18] = 4;
+        mailbox.0[19] = 0x0; // RGB
+
+        mailbox.0[20] = SET_FB_OFFSET;
+        mailbox.0[21] = 8;
+        mailbox.0[22] = 8;
+        mailbox.0[23] = 0; // X in pixels
+        mailbox.0[24] = 0; // Y in pixels
+
+        mailbox.0[25] = ALLOCATE_BUFFER;
+        mailbox.0[26] = 8;
+        mailbox.0[27] = 4;
+        mailbox.0[28] = 4096; // Alignment
+        mailbox.0[29] = 0;
+
+        mailbox.0[30] = GET_PITCH;
+        mailbox.0[31] = 4;
+        mailbox.0[32] = 0;
+        mailbox.0[33] = 0;
+
+        mailbox.0[34] = 0; // End tag
+
+        // TODO: validate responses
+
+        let addr = core::ptr::addr_of!(mailbox.0[0]) as u32;
+
+        write_mailbox(8, addr);
+
+        let _ = read_mailbox(8);
+        if mailbox.0[1] == 0 {
+            println!("Failed");
+        }
+
+        mailbox.0[28] &= 0x3FFFFFFF;
+
+        Self {
+            pixel_depth: mailbox.0[15],
+            pitch: mailbox.0[33] / (mailbox.0[15] / 8),
+            rows: mailbox.0[29] / mailbox.0[33],
+            start_addr: mailbox.0[28] as *mut u32,
+            size: mailbox.0[29],
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn draw_pixel(&self, x: u32, y: u32, color: u32) {
+        let offset = x + y * self.pitch;
+        unsafe {
+            write_volatile(self.start_addr.add(offset as usize), color);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*Bresenham's line algorithm
+    TODO: check if its possible to optimize y1==y2 case (ARM neon?)
+    */
+    pub fn draw_line(&self, x1: u32, y1: u32, x2: u32, y2: u32, color: u32) {
+        if x1 == x2 {
+            for y in y1..=y2 {
+                self.draw_pixel(x1, y, color);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (y2 as i32 - y1 as i32).abs() < (x2 as i32 - x1 as i32).abs() {
+            if x1 > x2 {
+                self.plot_line_low(x2, y2, x1, y1, color);
+            } else {
+                self.plot_line_low(x1, y1, x2, y2, color);
+            }
+        } else {
+            if y1 > y2 {
+                self.plot_line_high(x2, y2, x1, y1, color);
+            } else {
+                self.plot_line_high(x1, y1, x2, y2, color);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn draw_square(&self, x1: u32, y1: u32, x2: u32, y2: u32, color: u32) {
+        self.draw_line(x1, y1, x2, y1, color);
+        self.draw_line(x1, y2, x2, y2, color);
+        self.draw_line(x1, y1, x1, y2, color);
+        self.draw_line(x2, y1, x2, y2, color);
+    }
+
+    pub fn draw_square_fill(&self, x1: u32, y1: u32, x2: u32, y2: u32, color: u32) {
+        let mut y_start = y1;
+        let mut y_end = y2;
+
+        if y2 < y1 {
+            y_start = y2;
+            y_end = y1;
+        }
+
+        for y in y_start..=y_end {
+            self.draw_line(x1, y, x2, y, color);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn plot_line_low(&self, x1: u32, y1: u32, x2: u32, y2: u32, color: u32) {
+        let dx = x2 as i32 - x1 as i32;
+        let mut dy = y2 as i32 - y1 as i32;
+        let mut yi = 1;
+
+        let mut d = 2 * dy - dx;
+        let mut y = y1 as i32;
+
+        if dy < 0 {
+            yi = -1;
+            dy = -dy;
+        }
+
+        for x in x1..=x2 {
+            self.draw_pixel(x, y as u32, color);
+            if d > 0 {
+                y += yi;
+                d += 2 * (dy - dx);
+            } else {
+                d += 2 * dy;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    fn plot_line_high(&self, x1: u32, y1: u32, x2: u32, y2: u32, color: u32) {
+        let mut dx = x2 as i32 - x1 as i32;
+        let dy = y2 as i32 - y1 as i32;
+        let mut xi: i32 = 1;
+
+        let mut d = 2 * dy - dx;
+        let mut x = x1 as i32;
+
+        if dx < 0 {
+            xi = -1;
+            dx = -dx;
+        }
+
+        for y in y1..=y2 {
+            self.draw_pixel(x as u32, y, color);
+            if d > 0 {
+                x += xi;
+                d += 2 * (dx - dy);
+            } else {
+                d += 2 * dx;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    //TODO: Scale in pixels
+    pub fn draw_string(&self, string: &str, x: u32, mut y: u32, scale: u32, color: u32) {
+        let mut offset = 0;
+        for c in string.bytes() {
+            match c {
+                b'\n' => {
+                    y += 8 * scale;
+                    offset = 0;
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    self.draw_ascii(x + (offset as u32 * 8 * scale), y, c as usize, scale, color);
+                    offset += 1
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn draw_ascii(&self, x: u32, y: u32, char: usize, scale: u32, color: u32) {
+        for (y_offset, row) in (&BASIC_LEGACY[char]).iter().enumerate() {
+            for bit in 0..8 {
+                match row & (1 << bit) {
+                    0 => {}
+                    _ => self.draw_square_fill(
+                        x + (bit * scale),
+                        y + (y_offset as u32 * scale),
+                        x + ((bit + 1) * scale),
+                        y + ((y_offset + 1) as u32 * scale),
+                        color,
+                    ),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn draw_function(&self, f: fn(u32) -> f64, x_offset: i32, y_offset: i32, color: u32) {
+        for x in 0..self.pitch as i32 {
+            let y = f(x as u32);
+            self.draw_pixel((x + x_offset) as u32, (y + y_offset as f64) as u32, color);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn print_display_resolution() {
+    let mut mailbox: [u32; 8] = [0; 8];
+    mailbox[0] = 8 * 4;
+    mailbox[1] = 0;
+    mailbox[2] = GET_PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_WH;
+    mailbox[3] = 8;
+    mailbox[4] = 0;
+    mailbox[5] = 0;
+    mailbox[6] = 0;
+    mailbox[7] = 0;
+
+    let addr = core::ptr::addr_of!(mailbox[0]) as u32;
+
+    write_mailbox(8, addr);
+
+    let _ = read_mailbox(8);
+    if mailbox[1] == 0 {
+        println!("Failed");
+    }
+
+    println!("Width x Height: {}x{}", mailbox[5], mailbox[6]);
+}

src/framebuffer/bitmaps.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+pub const NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY: [u8; 8] = [0x00; 8];
+
+pub const BASIC_LEGACY: [[u8; 8]; 128] = [
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+    [0x18, 0x3C, 0x3C, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x18, 0x00],
+    [0x36, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00],
+    [0x36, 0x36, 0x7F, 0x36, 0x7F, 0x36, 0x36, 0x00],
+    [0x0C, 0x3E, 0x03, 0x1E, 0x30, 0x1F, 0x0C, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x63, 0x33, 0x18, 0x0C, 0x66, 0x63, 0x00],
+    [0x1C, 0x36, 0x1C, 0x6E, 0x3B, 0x33, 0x6E, 0x00],
+    [0x06, 0x06, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00],
+    [0x18, 0x0C, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x00],
+    [0x06, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x0C, 0x06, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x66, 0x3C, 0xFF, 0x3C, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x3F, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x00, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x06],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3F, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x00],
+    [0x60, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0C, 0x06, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00],
+    [0x3E, 0x63, 0x73, 0x7B, 0x6F, 0x67, 0x3E, 0x00],
+    [0x0C, 0x0E, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x3F, 0x00],
+    [0x1E, 0x33, 0x30, 0x1C, 0x06, 0x33, 0x3F, 0x00],
+    [0x1E, 0x33, 0x30, 0x1C, 0x30, 0x33, 0x1E, 0x00],
+    [0x38, 0x3C, 0x36, 0x33, 0x7F, 0x30, 0x78, 0x00],
+    [0x3F, 0x03, 0x1F, 0x30, 0x30, 0x33, 0x1E, 0x00],
+    [0x1C, 0x06, 0x03, 0x1F, 0x33, 0x33, 0x1E, 0x00],
+    [0x3F, 0x33, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x00],
+    [0x1E, 0x33, 0x33, 0x1E, 0x33, 0x33, 0x1E, 0x00],
+    [0x1E, 0x33, 0x33, 0x3E, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0E, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x06],
+    [0x18, 0x0C, 0x06, 0x03, 0x06, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x3F, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3F, 0x00, 0x00],
+    [0x06, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0C, 0x06, 0x00],
+    [0x1E, 0x33, 0x30, 0x18, 0x0C, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x00],
+    [0x3E, 0x63, 0x7B, 0x7B, 0x7B, 0x03, 0x1E, 0x00],
+    [0x0C, 0x1E, 0x33, 0x33, 0x3F, 0x33, 0x33, 0x00],
+    [0x3F, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3E, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3F, 0x00],
+    [0x3C, 0x66, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x66, 0x3C, 0x00],
+    [0x1F, 0x36, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x36, 0x1F, 0x00],
+    [0x7F, 0x46, 0x16, 0x1E, 0x16, 0x46, 0x7F, 0x00],
+    [0x7F, 0x46, 0x16, 0x1E, 0x16, 0x06, 0x0F, 0x00],
+    [0x3C, 0x66, 0x03, 0x03, 0x73, 0x66, 0x7C, 0x00],
+    [0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x3F, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x00],
+    [0x1E, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x1E, 0x00],
+    [0x78, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x33, 0x33, 0x1E, 0x00],
+    [0x67, 0x66, 0x36, 0x1E, 0x36, 0x66, 0x67, 0x00],
+    [0x0F, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x46, 0x66, 0x7F, 0x00],
+    [0x63, 0x77, 0x7F, 0x7F, 0x6B, 0x63, 0x63, 0x00],
+    [0x63, 0x67, 0x6F, 0x7B, 0x73, 0x63, 0x63, 0x00],
+    [0x1C, 0x36, 0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x36, 0x1C, 0x00],
+    [0x3F, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3E, 0x06, 0x06, 0x0F, 0x00],
+    [0x1E, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x3B, 0x1E, 0x38, 0x00],
+    [0x3F, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3E, 0x36, 0x66, 0x67, 0x00],
+    [0x1E, 0x33, 0x07, 0x0E, 0x38, 0x33, 0x1E, 0x00],
+    [0x3F, 0x2D, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x1E, 0x00],
+    [0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x3F, 0x00],
+    [0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x1E, 0x0C, 0x00],
+    [0x63, 0x63, 0x63, 0x6B, 0x7F, 0x77, 0x63, 0x00],
+    [0x63, 0x63, 0x36, 0x1C, 0x1C, 0x36, 0x63, 0x00],
+    [0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x1E, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x1E, 0x00],
+    [0x7F, 0x63, 0x31, 0x18, 0x4C, 0x66, 0x7F, 0x00],
+    [0x1E, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x1E, 0x00],
+    [0x03, 0x06, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x30, 0x60, 0x40, 0x00],
+    [0x1E, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x1E, 0x00],
+    [0x08, 0x1C, 0x36, 0x63, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF],
+    [0x0C, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x1E, 0x30, 0x3E, 0x33, 0x6E, 0x00],
+    [0x07, 0x06, 0x06, 0x3E, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3B, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x1E, 0x33, 0x03, 0x33, 0x1E, 0x00],
+    [0x38, 0x30, 0x30, 0x3e, 0x33, 0x33, 0x6E, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x1E, 0x33, 0x3f, 0x03, 0x1E, 0x00],
+    [0x1C, 0x36, 0x06, 0x0f, 0x06, 0x06, 0x0F, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x6E, 0x33, 0x33, 0x3E, 0x30, 0x1F],
+    [0x07, 0x06, 0x36, 0x6E, 0x66, 0x66, 0x67, 0x00],
+    [0x0C, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x1E, 0x00],
+    [0x30, 0x00, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x33, 0x33, 0x1E],
+    [0x07, 0x06, 0x66, 0x36, 0x1E, 0x36, 0x67, 0x00],
+    [0x0E, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x1E, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x33, 0x7F, 0x7F, 0x6B, 0x63, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x1E, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x1E, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x3B, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3E, 0x06, 0x0F],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x6E, 0x33, 0x33, 0x3E, 0x30, 0x78],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x3B, 0x6E, 0x66, 0x06, 0x0F, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x3E, 0x03, 0x1E, 0x30, 0x1F, 0x00],
+    [0x08, 0x0C, 0x3E, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x2C, 0x18, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x6E, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x1E, 0x0C, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x63, 0x6B, 0x7F, 0x7F, 0x36, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x63, 0x36, 0x1C, 0x36, 0x63, 0x00],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x33, 0x33, 0x33, 0x3E, 0x30, 0x1F],
+    [0x00, 0x00, 0x3F, 0x19, 0x0C, 0x26, 0x3F, 0x00],
+    [0x38, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x07, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x38, 0x00],
+    [0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x00],
+    [0x07, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x38, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x07, 0x00],
+    [0x6E, 0x3B, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00],
+    NOTHING_TO_DISPLAY,
+];

src/irq_interrupt.rs

@@ -5,11 +5,9 @@ use core::{
 
 use crate::{
     mmio_read, mmio_write,
-    peripherals::{
-        gpio::{blink_gpio, SpecificGpio},
-        uart::print,
-    },
-    timer::{sleep_ms, sleep_s},
+    peripherals::gpio::{blink_gpio, SpecificGpio},
+    print,
+    timer::sleep_s,
 };
 
 const INTERRUPT_BASE: u32 = 0x3F00_B000;
@@ -45,7 +43,7 @@ unsafe extern "C" fn irq_handler() {
 #[no_mangle]
 unsafe extern "C" fn synchronous_interrupt() {
     loop {
-        print("Sync Exception \r\n");
+        println!("Sync Exception");
         blink_gpio(SpecificGpio::OnboardLed as u8, 100);
         esr_uart_dump();
         sleep_s(200);
@@ -62,28 +60,28 @@ fn esr_uart_dump() {
     }
     for i in (0..32).rev() {
         if ((esr >> i) & 1) == 0 {
-            print("0");
+            print!("0");
         } else {
-            print("1");
+            print!("1");
         }
         if i % 4 == 0 && i > 0 {
-            print("_");
+            print!("_");
         }
 
         if i == 26 || i == 25 || i == 0 {
-            print("\n\r");
+            print!("\n\r");
         }
     }
 }
 
 fn handle_gpio_interrupt() {
-    print("Interrupt\r\n");
+    println!("Interrupt");
     for i in 0..=53u32 {
         let val = read_gpio_event_detect_status(i);
 
         if val {
             match i {
-                26 => print("Button Pressed"),
+                26 => print!("Button Pressed"),
                 _ => {}
             }
             // Reset GPIO Interrupt handler by writing a 1

src/lib.rs

@@ -2,11 +2,30 @@
 
 use core::ptr::{read_volatile, write_volatile};
 
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! print {
+    () => {};
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::peripherals::uart::_print(format_args!($($arg)*))
+    };
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! println {
+    () => {};
+    ($($arg:tt)*) => {
+        print!($($arg)*);
+        print!("\r\n");
+    };
+}
+
 pub mod peripherals;
 
 pub mod configuration;
+pub mod framebuffer;
 pub mod irq_interrupt;
 pub mod mailbox;
+pub mod math;
 pub mod timer;
 
 pub fn mmio_read(address: u32) -> u32 {

src/mailbox.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{mmio_read, mmio_write, peripherals::uart::print};
+use crate::{mmio_read, mmio_write, print};
 
 const MBOX_BASE: u32 = 0x3F00_0000 + 0xB880;
 
@@ -13,6 +13,51 @@ const MBOX_WRITE: u32 = MBOX_BASE + 0x20;
 const MAIL_FULL: u32 = 0x80000000;
 const MAIL_EMPTY: u32 = 0x40000000;
 
+const HEADER_LENGTH: usize = 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4; // Total Size + Request + Tag + MaxBufferLength + RequestLength
+const FOOTER_LENGTH: usize = 4;
+
+macro_rules! max {
+    ($a:expr, $b:expr) => {{
+        const M: usize = if $a > $b { $a as usize } else { $b as usize };
+        M
+    }};
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! mailbox_command {
+    ($name:ident,$tag:expr, $request_len:expr,$response_len:expr) => {
+        /// More information at: https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailbox-property-interface
+        pub fn $name(request_data: [u32; $request_len / 4]) -> [u32; $response_len / 4] {
+            let mut mailbox =
+                [0u32; (HEADER_LENGTH + max!($request_len, $response_len) + FOOTER_LENGTH) / 4];
+            mailbox[0] = (HEADER_LENGTH + max!($request_len, $response_len) + FOOTER_LENGTH) as u32; // Total length in Bytes
+            mailbox[1] = 0; // Request
+            mailbox[2] = $tag; // Command Tag
+            mailbox[3] = max!($request_len, $response_len) as u32; // Max value buffer size
+            mailbox[4] = $request_len;
+            mailbox[5..(5 + ($request_len / 4))].copy_from_slice(&request_data);
+
+            mailbox[(5 + ($request_len / 4))..].fill(0);
+
+            let addr = core::ptr::addr_of!(mailbox[0]) as u32;
+
+            write_mailbox(8, addr);
+
+            let _ = read_mailbox(8);
+
+            if mailbox[1] == 0 {
+                println!("Mailbox Command Failed!");
+            }
+
+            let mut out = [0u32; $response_len / 4]; // TODO: Can this be improved?
+            out.copy_from_slice(&mailbox[5..(5 + $response_len / 4)]);
+            out
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+mailbox_command!(read_soc_temp, 0x00030006, 4, 8);
+
 pub fn read_mailbox(channel: u32) -> u32 {
     // Wait until mailbox is not empty
     loop {
@@ -32,27 +77,3 @@ pub fn write_mailbox(channel: u32, data: u32) {
     while mmio_read(MBOX_STATUS) & MAIL_FULL != 0 {}
     mmio_write(MBOX_WRITE, (data & !0xF) | (channel & 0xF));
 }
-
-pub fn read_soc_temp() -> u32 {
-    let mut mailbox = [0; 36];
-    mailbox[0] = 8 * 4; // Total size in bytes
-    mailbox[1] = 0; // Request
-    mailbox[2] = 0x00030006; // Tag
-    mailbox[3] = 8; // Maximum buffer len
-    mailbox[4] = 4; // Request length
-    mailbox[5] = 0; // Value Buffer
-    mailbox[6] = 0; // Value Buffer
-    mailbox[7] = 0; // End
-
-    let addr = core::ptr::addr_of!(mailbox[0]) as u32;
-
-    write_mailbox(8, addr);
-
-    let _ = read_mailbox(8);
-
-    if mailbox[1] == 0 {
-        print("Failed\r\n");
-    }
-    let raw_temp = mailbox[6] / 1000;
-    raw_temp
-}

src/main.rs

@@ -9,15 +9,18 @@ use core::{
 };
 
 use nova::{
+    framebuffer::{print_display_resolution, FrameBuffer, BLUE, GREEN, ORANGE, RED, YELLOW},
     irq_interrupt::enable_irq_source,
     mailbox::read_soc_temp,
+    math::polar_to_cartesian,
     peripherals::{
         gpio::{
             blink_gpio, gpio_pull_up, set_falling_edge_detect, set_gpio_function, GPIOFunction,
             SpecificGpio,
         },
-        uart::{print, print_u32, uart_init},
+        uart::uart_init,
     },
+    print, println,
     timer::{delay_nops, sleep_us},
 };
 
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ extern "C" {
 #[panic_handler]
 fn panic(_panic: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
     loop {
-        print("Panic\r\n");
+        println!("Panic");
     }
 }
 
@@ -62,7 +65,7 @@ pub extern "C" fn main() -> ! {
 
     // Delay so clock speed can stabilize
     delay_nops(50000);
-    print("Hello World!\r\n");
+    println!("Hello World!");
 
     unsafe {
         asm!("mrs x0, SCTLR_EL1");
@@ -92,14 +95,45 @@ pub extern "C" fn kernel_main() -> ! {
     gpio_pull_up(26);
     set_falling_edge_detect(26, true);
 
+    print_display_resolution();
+    let fb = FrameBuffer::new();
+    print_display_resolution();
+
+    for a in 0..360 {
+        let (x, y) = polar_to_cartesian(100.0, a as f32);
+        fb.draw_line(
+            150,
+            150,
+            (150.0 + x) as u32,
+            (150.0 + y) as u32,
+            a * (0x00FFFFFF / 360),
+        );
+    }
+
+    fb.draw_square(500, 500, 600, 700, RED);
+    fb.draw_square_fill(800, 800, 900, 900, GREEN);
+    fb.draw_square_fill(1000, 800, 1200, 700, BLUE);
+    fb.draw_square_fill(900, 100, 800, 150, RED | BLUE);
+    fb.draw_string("Hello World! :D\nTest next Line", 500, 5, 3, BLUE);
+
+    fb.draw_function(cos, 100, 101, RED);
+    fb.draw_function(cos, 100, 102, ORANGE);
+    fb.draw_function(cos, 100, 103, YELLOW);
+    fb.draw_function(cos, 100, 104, GREEN);
+    fb.draw_function(cos, 100, 105, BLUE);
+
     loop {
-        let temp = read_soc_temp();
-        print_u32(temp);
+        let temp = read_soc_temp([0]);
+        println!("{} °C", temp[1] / 1000);
 
         blink_gpio(SpecificGpio::OnboardLed as u8, 500);
     }
 }
 
+fn cos(x: u32) -> f64 {
+    libm::cos(x as f64 * 0.1) * 20.0
+}
+
 pub fn get_current_el() -> u64 {
     let el: u64;
     unsafe {
@@ -129,6 +163,5 @@ fn print_current_el_str() {
         _ => "Unknown EL",
     };
 
-    print(el_str);
-    print("\r\n");
+    println!("{}", el_str);
 }

src/math.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+pub fn polar_to_cartesian(r: f32, theta_rad: f32) -> (f32, f32) {
+    let x = r * libm::cosf(theta_rad);
+    let y = r * libm::sinf(theta_rad);
+    (x, y)
+}

src/peripherals/mod.rs

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 pub mod gpio;
+#[macro_use]
 pub mod uart;

src/peripherals/uart.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-use core::arch::asm;
+use core::{
+    arch::asm,
+    fmt::{self, Write},
+};
 
 use crate::{mmio_read, mmio_write};
 
@@ -20,8 +23,10 @@ const UART0_CR_TXE: u32 = 1 << 8;
 const UART0_LCRH: u32 = 0x3F20_102c;
 const UART0_LCRH_FEN: u32 = 1 << 4;
 
-/// Print `s` over UART
-pub fn print(s: &str) {
+pub struct Uart;
+
+impl Write for Uart {
+    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> core::fmt::Result {
         for byte in s.bytes() {
             while (mmio_read(UART0_FR) & UART0_FR_TXFF) != 0 {
                 unsafe { asm!("nop") }
@@ -30,34 +35,16 @@ pub fn print(s: &str) {
         }
         // wait till uart is not busy anymore
         while ((mmio_read(UART0_FR) >> 3) & 0b1) != 0 {}
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
-pub fn print_u32(mut val: u32) {
-    let mut last_valid = 0;
-    let mut values = [0u32; 10];
-    for (i, c) in (&mut values).iter_mut().enumerate() {
-        if val == 0 {
-            break;
-        }
+pub fn _print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
+    let _ = Uart.write_fmt(args);
+}
 
-        *c = val % 10;
-        val /= 10;
-        if *c != 0 {
-            last_valid = i;
-        }
-    }
-
-    for (i, c) in values.iter().enumerate().rev() {
-        if i > last_valid {
-            continue;
-        }
-        let ascii_byte = b'0' + *c as u8;
-        let data = [ascii_byte];
-
-        let s = str::from_utf8(&data).unwrap();
-        print(s);
-    }
-    print("\r\n");
+pub fn _print_str(st: &str) {
+    let _ = Uart.write_str(st);
 }
 
 /// Initialize UART peripheral

tools/start_simulator.sh

@@ -8,5 +8,4 @@ qemu-system-aarch64 \
   -cpu cortex-a53 \
   -serial stdio \
   -sd ../sd.img \
-  -display none \
   -kernel ../target/aarch64-unknown-none/release/kernel8.img